穆斯林的十大发明

沙漠

中国的四大发明人人都知道，可是穆斯林世界里这十大影响世界的发明，你们知道多少？最贴近我们生活的这些东西，原来最初的发源地就是穆斯林王国。

　　1. Surgery
　　外科手术

　　Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.
　　公元1000年，Al Zahrawi医生出版了一部1500页的插图外科手术百科全书，在接下来的500年里，这部书一直是欧洲人的医学参考书。据称，Al Zahrawi也是第一个施行剖腹产手术的医生，他还发明了钳子。

　　2. Coffee
　　咖啡

　　Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.
　　这种西方人的日常饮品是于9世纪在也门出现的。13世纪传到土耳其，但直到16世纪才进入欧洲，是由威尼斯商人带去意大利的。

　　3. Flying machine
　　飞行器

　　Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume.
　　Abbas ibn Firnas是第一个真正试图制造飞行器的人。9世纪时他设计了一个有翅膀的器具，有点像鸟儿状的服装。

　　4. University
　　大学

　　In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University.
　　公元859年一个名叫 Fatima al-Firhi的年轻公主在摩洛哥成立了第一家颁发文凭的大学。她妹妹Miriam建立了一家毗邻的清真寺，这两个地方最终成为今天的al-Qarawiyyin清真寺和al-Qarawiyyin 大学。

　　5. Algebra
　　代数

　　The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing."
　　代数这个词最初来源于一位波斯数学家在9世纪发表的一篇论文的题目，大约可以翻译成“推理和权衡”。

　　6. Optics
　　光学

　　Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself.
　　公元1000年的时候Ibn al-Haitham证明人能看到东西是由于物体上的光线反射并进入眼睛，推翻了欧几里得和托勒密关于人眼发出光线的理论。

　　7. Music
　　音乐

　　Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East is the lute , an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.
　　从中东传入欧洲的乐器中，鲁特琴成为小提琴的始祖。音阶据说也源自阿拉伯字母表。

　　8. Toothbrush
　　牙刷

　　The Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600.
　　先知穆罕默德在公元600年开始推广牙刷的使用。

　　9. The crank
　　曲柄轴

　　Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.
　　现代自动装置的基础设备都是在穆斯林世界里首先得到使用的，包括革命性的用于连接连杆机器的曲柄轴。Al-Jazari于12世纪发明了这个技术，随后从自行车到内燃机，曲柄轴被广泛运用。

　　10. Hospitals
　　医院

　　The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided free care for anyone who needed it -- a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick.
　　人类历史上第一家医院成立于872年，是开罗的Ahmad ibn Tulun医院，为所有需要治疗的人提供免费医疗——这种做法是基于穆斯林救助一切伤残人士的理念。