一．SAT考试简介
1. 考试结构
3 h and 45 mi
10 sectio (3 for Math 3 for Writing 3 for Reading plus a variable
section)
2. 选项设置
一共5个选项： 蒙猜答案的几率下降；审查选项的时间增加
3. 评分标准
√ 1 point
○ 0 point
× -1/4 point
不鼓励Random guess，不仅考察学术能力，还考察学术态度
二、SAT阅读考试简介
1. 考试时间和分项组成
Type of Qs No. of Qs Time
Allotted
Sentence
Completion 19 70 mi
(including two 25-min sectio
and one 20-min section)
Passage-based Reading 48
Total Qs 67
2. 文章特点简介
导言
source, time, background,
author (status), key words, theme, etc.
题材
一黑妹生自文艺社
移民文化 （cross-culture and emigration）
黑人土著 (Black America & Native
America)
女性女权 (women & feminism)
生物环境 (biology &
environment)
自然科学 (natural science)
文学作品 (literary fiction)
艺术评论 (art criticism)
社会研究 (social studies)
类型
根据文章体裁：non-literary / literary
fiction
根据文章长度：short passage / long passage
根据文章数量：single passage / paired passages
排列组合之后考试时所见到的文章类型有：
SSP （short single passage）
SPP （short paired passages）
LSP (long single passage) (non-literary)
LF (literary fiction)
LPP (long paired passages)
我将会在后面的课程中一一向大家进行阅读策略的介绍。
3. 题型及考查比重 （2005年10月到2009年5月）
推理（8）
细节（6）
态度（6）
词汇（5）
作用（5）
例子（3）
主旨（3）
互联（5）
求同（2）
求异（2）
修辞（2）
外援（1）
符号（0 or 1）
三．文章类型及阅读策略
1. Strategy for SSP
Quantity: 2
Format: P + 2 Qs
Word count: 100-150 /p
Required time: 2-3 mi/p
① Scan 2 Qs quickly
A. Find the
clue words;
B. Identify
the type of Q if possible;
② Read the passage and take BRIEF notes if necessary;
③ Scrutinize optio;
④ Select the best choice. (ABCDE and leave it blank)
文章示范：新OG P577-9-10
That nineteenth-century French novelist Honore de Balzac could be
financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life
was an irony duplicated in other matte. For itance, the very
women who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intuition of the
female heart that he showed in his novels were appalled to discover
how ieitive and awkward the real man could be. It seems that
the true source of creation for Balzac was not seitivity but
imagination. Balzac’s fiction originally sprang from an intuition
he fit discovered as a wretched little school boy locked in a
dark closet of his boarding school: life is a prison, and only
imagination can open its doo.
9. The example in lines 4-8 primarily suggests that_______
A. Balzac’s work was not especially popular among female
reade
B. Balzac could not write convincingly about financial
matte
C. Balzac’s iights into character were not evident in his
everyday life
D. people who knew Balzac peonally could not respect him as an
artist
E. reade had unreasonable expectatio of Balzac the man
10. The author mentio Balzac’s experience as a schoolboy in order
to
A. explain why Balzac was unable to conduct his financial affai
properly
B. point out a possible source of Balzac’s powerful
imagination
C. exonerate the boarding school for Balzac’s lackluster
performance
D. foster the impression that Balzac was an unruly student
E. depict the conditio of boarding school life during Balzac’
youth
举例说明概述题 (purpose of example)
ID：
The author mentio/quotes/cites/uses/describes/discusses sth to/
in order to…
The example in line X suggests/emphasizes/illustrates…
The reference to X provides/presents an example/examples of …
Structure:
① TS. + (For itance/example),+ example.
② Example. + Conclusion.
③ TS+(such as/by)+example.
Solution:
瞻前顾后，外加自恋！TS/C详读，例子本身可以扫读或阅读。
<That nineteenth-century French novelist Honore de
Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all
his money in life> was an irony
<duplicated in other matte>.
It was an irony <that… in
life>.
题目示范：
Each passage below is followed by questio based on its content.
Awer the questio on the basis of what is stated or
implied.
in each passage and in any introductory material that may be
provided.
Questio 6-7 are based on the following passage.
Choice of language frequently
plays a significant role in the development of the Hispanic
American writer's voice and message. "I lack language," wrote
.Cherrie Moraga, author of Loving in the War Yea: lo quenunca
pas6 por sus labios. The use of two languagesin the title itself
expresses the difficulty that the author perceives in narrating
peonal experience in one language when one has lived in
another.
6. The author cites Moraga's book primarily in order to
(A)
emphasize the challenges that some Hispanic American write face
in getting their work published
(B)
celebrate the achievements of a young Hispanic American
novelist
(C)
demotrate the expressiveness of a writer whohas mastered several
languages
(D) confirm
that American write are exploringnew artistic approaches
(E)
illustrate a dilemma that Hispanic Americanwrite often face
态度题 (attitude)
ID：
tone, attitude, reaction, respoe, feeling, sentiment, expression,
view, regard，describe, portray, characterize
Type:
① positive attitude
② negative attitude
③ mixed attitude
Solution:
① 从情感态度词和转折句判断态度类型
② 从作者语气辨别字面态度/反语态度
③ 用态度评价原则排除错误选项
举例示范：
Students’ attitude toward NN can best be described as
A.好棒 B.好土 C.好 D.好cuo E.好吃
文章示范：
Questio 8-9 are based on the
following passage.
The science fiction masterpiece 2001: A Space
Odyssey~will probably be remembered be~t for the
finely honed portrait of HAL, the Heuristically pro-
Line grammed ALgorithmic computer that could not only
5 reason but also experience human feelings and
anxiety.
Surprisingly, perhaps, compute have in some ways
surpassed writer Arthur C. Clarke's and film director
Stanley Kubrick's vision of computing technology
at the turn of the millennium. Today's compute are
lO vastly smaller and more portable than HAL and
use
software interfaces that forgo the type of manual
controls found on the spaceship that carded HAL.
8. The author's attitude toward the "portrait" (line 3) is
best characterized as one of
(A) resentment
(B) appreciation
(C) confusion
(D) awe
(E) derision
awe: a feeling of great respect usually mixed with fear or
wonder.
文章示范：
Questio 13-25 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from a novel published in 1970.
As the passage begi, four men are looking at a map in preparation
for a canoe trip.
It unrolled slowly, forced to show its colo, curling and snapping
back whenever one of us turned loose. The whole land was very tee
until we put our four stei on Line its corne and laid the river
out to run for us through the mountai 150 miles north. Lewis'
hand took a pencil and marked out a small strong X in a place where
some of the green bled away and the paper changed with high ground,
and began to work dowtream, northeast to southwest through the
printed woods. I watched the hand rather than the location, for it
seemed to have power over the terrain, and when it stopped for
Lewis' voice to explain something, it was as though all streams
everywhere quit running, hanging silently where they were to let
the point be made. The pencil turned over and pretended to sketch
in with the eraser an area that must have been around fifty miles
long, through which the river hooked and cramped.
"When they take another survey and rework the map," Lewis said,
"all this in here will be blue. The dam at Aintry has already been
started, and when it's finished next spring the river will back up
fast. This whole valley will be under water. But right now it's
wild. And I mean wild; it looks like something up in Alaska. We
really ought to go up there before the real estate people get hold
of it and make it over into one of their
heave."
I leaned forward and concentrated down into the invisible shape he
had drawn, trying to see the changes that would come, the nighttime
rising of dammed water bringing a new lake up with its choice lots,
its marinas and beer ca, and also trying to visualize the land as
Lewis said it was at that moment, unvisited and free. I breathed in
and out once, cociously; my body, particularly the back and arms,
felt ready for something like this. I looked around the bar and
then back into the map, picking up the river where we would enter
it. A little way to the southwest the paper blanched.
"Does this mean it's higher here?" I asked.
Yes, Lewis said, looking quickly at me to see if I saw he was being
tolerant.
Ah, he's going to turn this into something, I thought. A lesson. A
moral. A life principle. A Way.
"It must run through a gorge or something" was all he said though.
"But we can get through that in a day, easy. And the water should
be good, in that part especially."
I didn't have much idea what good meant in the way of river water,
but for it to seem good to Lewis it would have to meet some very
definite standards. The way he went about things was strictly his
own; that was mainly what he liked about doing them. He liked
particularly to take some extremely specialized and difficult
form
5o of sport--usually one he could do by himself--and evolve a
peonal approach to it which he could then expound. I had been
through this with him in fly casting, in archery and weight lifting
and spelunking, in all of which he had developed complete
mystiques. Now it was canoeing. I settled back and came out of the
map.
Bobby Trippe was there, across from me. He had smooth thin hair and
a high pink complexion. I knew him least well of the othe at the
table, but I liked him a good deal, even so. He was pleasantly
cynical and gave me the impression that he shared some kind of
undetanding with me that neither of us was to take Lewis too
seriously.
"They tell me that this is the kind of thing that gets hold of
middle-class householde every once in a while," Bobby said. "But
most of them just lie down till the feeling passes."
"And when most of them lie down they're at
Woodlawn* before they think about getting up," Lewis said.
* A cemetery.
19. Lewis' use of the word "heave" (line 24) is best
characterized as
(A) appreciative
(B) deceitful
(C) tentative
(D) defeive
(E) ironic
2. Strategy for SPP
Quantity: 1
Format: P1 & P2 + 4～5 Qs
Word count: 250-300/P1&P2
Required time: 5-6 mi
① Read P1 & P2 and take BRIEF notes;
A. read 1st sentence, last sentence and the sentences indicating
change carefully;
B. judge the relatiohip btw 2 Ps: oppose (考查最多)/support/loosely
related
② Read a question (clue words; type);
③ Scrutinize optio;
④ Select the best choice.
求异题
ID:
P1 diffe from P2 in that________________
Unlike P1, P2_________________________
The contrast/difference between P1& P2 is that
_____
X in P1& P2 respectively
________________
Compared to P1, P2____________________
_____________________is in P1, but not in P2?
Solution:
Try to find the DF btw 2 Ps
in
① view/attitude
② contents
③ style/ rhetoric
求同题
ID:
P1 is similar/ analogous/ parallel /akin to P2 in
that_______________
Which of the following statement is shared by P1 &
P2?
Both passages__________
X in P1 is most like ________ in P2?
What do P1& P2 have in common?
Solution:
先找交集;
若无交集，再找补集并取反.
互联题
ID:
① Which best describes the relatiohip between the two
passages?
② ____ in one passage would most likely + VERB +___ in another
passage?
TYPES OF VERBS:
↑support/ exemplify/agree with/espouse/strengthen
↓weaken/undermine/discredit/criticize/damage
？respond to/react to/ claim/assert/argue/
contend /suggest/coider/
interpret /view/regard
Solution:
① 弄清题干中的已知信息
② 根据另一篇文章内容和题干中的动词找出最佳选项
文章示范：
The passages below are
followed by questio based on their content; questio following a
pair of related passages may also
. be based on the relatiohip between the paired
passages. Awer the questio on the basis of what is stated or ~
in the
passages and in any
introductory material that may be provided.
Questio
6-9 are based on the following passages.
Passage
1
The eighteenth-century botanist Carolus Linnaeus'
enormous and
essential contribution to natural history
was to
devise a system of classification whereby any
Line plant or animal could be identified and slotted into
5 an overall plan. Yet Linnaeus himself would
probably
have been
the fit to admit that classification is only
a tool, and
not the ultimate purpose, of biological
inquiry.
Unfortunately, this truth was not apparent
to his
immediate successo, who for the next hundred
10 yea were to concern themselves almost exclusively
with
classification.
Passage
2
I am a heretic about Linnaeus. ! do not dispute the
value of the
tool he gave natural science, but I am wary
about the
change it has effected on huma' relatiohip
15 to the world. From Linnaeus on, much of science has
been devoted
to sorting masses into individual entities
and
arranging the entities neatly. The cost of having so
successfully
itemized and pigeonholed nature is to limit
certain
possibilities of seeing and apprehending. For
20 example, the modem human thinks that he or she can
best
undetand a tree (or a species of tree) by examining
a single
tree. But trees are not intended to g~ow in isolation.
They are
social creatures, and their society in turn supports
other
species of plants, iects, birds, mammals, and micro-
25 organisms, all of which make up the whole experience of
the
woods.
6. Compared, to the author of Passage 2, the author
of Passage 1 regards Linnaeus with more
(A) cynicism
(B) bafflement
(C) appreciation
(D) nostalgia
(E) resentment
7. Unlike the author of Passage 1, the author of Passage 2
makes use of
(A) scientific data
(B) literary allusion
(C) historical research
(D) peonal voice
(E) direct citation
8. Both passages emphasize which of the following
aspects of Linnaeus'
work?
(A) The extent to which it
contributed to natural
science
(B) The way in which it limits
present-day science
(C) The degree to which it
revived interest in biology
(D) The decisiveness with
which it settled scientific
disputes
(E) The kinds of scientific
discoveries on which
it built
9. The author of Passage 1 would most likely respond
to the opening of Passage 2
(lines 12-17) by arguing
that the author of Passage 2
has
(A) demotrated that Linnaeus
should be better
known as a scientist than he currently is
(B) minimized the achievements
of those scientists
who built on Linnaeus' work
(C) refused to appreciate the
importance of proper
classification to scientific progress
(D) failed to distinguish the
ideas of Linnaeus from
those of his followe
(E) misundetood Linnaeus'
primary contribution
to natural history
文章内容简介：P1:
CL
tool
S
P2: CL
大
小
tool
S
Strategy for LSP （说明文，评论文）
Quantity: 1 or 2
Format: P+ 5 ～ 13 Qs
Word count: 450-850/P
Required time: 10±4 mi
Structural reading strategy
① Scan the blurb and mark useful info;
② Read the crucial parts of the passage and take notes
(3’-5’);
③ Read a question and its corresponding contents in the
passage;
④ Select the best choice from optio.
Crucial parts of a passage
You should read at least the followings:
① 1st sentences of each paragraph
② last sentences of 1st para & last para
③ major sentences indicating change
文章示范：
Questio 18-22 are based on the following passage.
This excerpt discusses the relatiohip between plants and their
environments.
Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why
do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in
the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many yea
without convincing general awe, we now know much about what
sets the fashion in plant design.
Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of
a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance
their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with
no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it
did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would
die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them,
by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and
the cold, black reaches of space. temperature is tolerable for the
processes of life.
Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin
layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the
ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from
the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their
heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the
still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are
close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if
they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their
working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds.
Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from
the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your
heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.
Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant
design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an
Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so
cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar
sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutio to
this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to
incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface
from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by
way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants
because there is sufficient water.
This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics
of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with facto such as
temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of
seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt
of meteorological conditio, and the patter of this patchwork
are faithfully reflected by the plants.
18. q-he passage primarily focuses on which of the following
characteristics of plants?
(A) Their ability to grow equally well in all
environments
(B) Their effects on the Earth's atmosphere
(C) Their ability to store water for dry
periods
(D) Their fundamental similarity of shape
(E) Their ability to balance heat intake and
output
Questio 16-24 are based on the following passage.
This passage is from a boo.k of nature writing published in
1991.
In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable
categories: they are nocturnal, eat iects, and are rather
small. But winging through their lush, green-black world,
Line tropical bats are more numerous and have more exotic
5 habits than do temperate species. Some of them
feed on
nectar that bat-pollinated trees have evolved to profit from
their visits. Carnivorous bats like nothing better than a
local
frog, lizard, fish, or bird, which they pluck from the
foliage
or a moonlit pond. Of coue, some bats are vampires and
10 dine on blood. In the movies, vampires are rather showy,
theatrical types, but vampire bats rely on stealth and small,
pinprick incisio made by razory, triangular front teeth.
Sleeping livestock are their usual victims, and they take
care not to wake them. Fit, they make the classic incisio
15 shaped like quotation marks; then, with saliva full of
anti-
coagulants so that the victim's blood will flow nicely, they
.quietly lap
their fill. Because this anticoagulant is not toxic
to huma, vampire bats may one day play an important
role in the treatment of heart patients--that is, if we can
2o just get over our phobia about them. Having studied them
intimately, I now know that bats are sweet-tempered, useful,
and fascinating creatures. The long-standing fear that many
people have about bats tells us less about bats than about
human fear.
25 Things
that live by night live outside the realm of
"normal" time. Chauvinistic about our human need to
wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night
dwelle with people up to no good, people who have the
jump on the
rest of us and are defying nature, defying their
30 circadian rhythms.* Also, night is when we dream, and so
- we picture the bats moving
through a dreamtime, in which
reality is warped. After all, we do not see very well at
night; we do not need to. But that makes us nearly defee-
less after dark. Although we are accustomed to tnastering
35 our world by day, in the night we become vulnerable as
prey. Thinking of bats as maste of the night threate the
safety we daily take for granted. Though we are at the top
of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain
forest,
say, and protect ouelves agait roaming predato, we
40 would live partly in terror, as our ancesto did. Our
see
of safety depends on predictability, so anything living
outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul.
Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural
creatures in the mythology, religion, and supetitioo of
45 peoples everywhere. Finnish peasants once believed that
their souls rose from their bodies while they slept and flew
around the countryside as bats, then returfied to them by
morning. Ancient Egyptia prized bat parts as medicine
for a variety of diseases. Perhaps the most mystical, ghoul-
50 ish, and intimate relatiohip between bats and huma
occurred among the Maya about two thousand yea ago.
Zotzilaha Chamalc~in, their bat god, had a human body but
the stylized head and wings of a bat. His image appea
often on their alta, pottery, gold ornaments, and stone
55 pilla. One especially frightening engraving shows the
bat
god with outstretched wings and a question-mark no~e, its
tongue wagging with hunger, as it holds a human corpse in
one hand and the human's heart in the other. A number of
other Central American cultures raised the bat to the ulti-
60 mate height: as god of death and the underworld. But it
was Bram Stoker's riveting novel Dracula that turned
small, furry mammals into huge, bloodsucking mote
in the minds of English-speaking people. If vampires were
sernihuman, then they could fascinate with their conniving
65 cruelty, and thus a spill of horror books began to appear
about the human passio of vampires.
* Circadian rhythr are patter of daily change within one's body
that
are determined by the time of day or night.
16. The author's main point in the passage is that
(A) there are only a few kinds of bats
(B) huma are especially vulnerable to nocturnal
predato
(C) bat saliva may have medicinal uses
(D) only myth and literature have depicted the true
nature of the bat
(E) our perception of bats has its basis in human
psychology
主旨题
ID:
The passage serves mainly to __________
The passage primarily focuses on __________
The passage is primarily concerned with _______
The main idea/ point/purpose of the passage is __________
The passage as a whole is best described as _____________
The passage as a whole awe which of the following question?
solution:
① 画圈后做
② （导言）+ 关键词 + 重点句
↓
（各段）首句
（首末段）尾句
重要转折句
细节题之一：寻因题
ID:
because/due to/attribute to/in that
Solution:
根据题干中的结果，向前或向后找原因。
文章示范：
Questio 18-22 are based on the following passage.
This excerpt discusses the relatiohip between plants and their
environments.
Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why
do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in
the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many yea
without convincing general awe, we now know much about what
sets the fashion in plant design.
Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of
a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance
their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with
no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it
did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would
die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them,
by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and
the cold, black reaches of space. temperature is tolerable for the
processes of life.
Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin
layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the
ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from
the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their
heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the
still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are
close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if
they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their
working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds.
Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from
the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your
heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.
Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant
design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an
Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so
cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar
sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutio to
this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to
incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface
from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by
way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants
because there is sufficient water.
This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics
of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with facto such as
temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of
seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt
of meteorological conditio, and the patter of this patchwork
are faithfully reflected by the plants.
20. According to the passage, which of the following is most
respoible for preventing trees from growing tall in the
Arctic?
(A) The hard, frozen ground
(B) The small amount of available suhine
(C) The cold, destructive winds
(D) The large amount of snow that falls each
year
(E) The absence of seasonal differences in
temperature
21. The author suggests that the "sticklike shape of desert
plants" (lines 41-42) can be attributed to the
(A) inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around
them
(B) presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desert
(C) large surface area that the plants must expose to the Sun
(D) absence of winds strong enough to knock down tall, thin
plants
(E) extreme heat and aridity of the habitat
4. Strategy for LF
Para by Para reading strategy
① identify the type of passage by scanning blurb (novel, memoir,
autobiography, narrative, etc.);
② mark questio related to 1st para according to line reference or
clue words;
③ read 1st para and awer concerned questio;
④ treat other Qs in other paragraphs similarly;
⑤ awer Qs abt the whole passage if any.
文章示范：
The passage below is followed by questio based on its content.
Awer the questio on the basis of what is stated or in the
passage and in any introductory material that may be
provided.
Questio 7-19 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from a 1998 memoir in which
the author recalls her childhood in Chicago in the 1960's.
A trip to the library was like a great excuion to
a different country. To get there, we had to walk a mile.
But the distance between where we lived and where we
Line were going was much greater. To get there we
traveled
5 beyond the usual paramete of school and
church and the
shopping strip we frequented, into the manicured law
and garde of Hyde Park. I loved the walk as much as
the destination itself. In the middle of the anger that was
my home and the upheaval of a changing world in which
10 it seemed I had no place,
our semimonthly excuio to
the library were a piece of perfection. I had around me
at one time all the people I loved best--my mother and
brothe and sister--and all the things I loved best--
quiet, space, and books.
15
We went to the T. B. Blackstone Library, not far from
Lake Michigan. You could easily miss the building if you
didn't know what you were looking for. But once you
were iide, you could never mistake it for anything else.
We passed through two sets of heavy brass doo to the
20 lobby of the library, a great domed entrance
with a ceiling
adorned with what I used to imagine were the angels of
books. They were great gilded figures armed with harps
and with scrolls and other itruments of learning.
If we turned right, we could see an alcove with tables;
25 this led, in turn, to a
spacious reading room adorned with
a gigantic and ancient globe that sat in front of the largest
windows. At some point during every visit, I found my
way into that room to touch the globe, to finger the ridges
and the painted canvas already frayed and separating from
30 its sphere. I liked to look
at Africa, with the coded colo
of the different countries like the Belgian Congo and
Rhodesia, and try to remember which countries were
fighting to be free just as we were struggling for civil
rights. I had heard Daddy talking about the struggle,
35 arguing with the television
as someone discussed it on
a news show. And I had seen pictures on the news of
people gathered together marching. But I didn't really
know anything about Africa except what I saw in the
Tarzan movies, which I watched a lot, but thought were
40 really strange. (Why did that White man live
in a tree?)
I read a lot of books about mythology, and then about
science: not the missiles and spaceships Brother preferred,
but the birds and the bees--literally. I brought home a
giant book of birds and searched the skies and trees for
45 anything other than robi
and pigeo. And I read about
bees because I liked the idea that all of them listened to
the queen and couldn't go on without her. I went through
a phase of loving books with practical science experiments
and used up a whole bottle of white vinegar by pouring it
5o on the sides of our apartment building to prove that it
was
cotructed of limestone. ~
One Saturday, as I wandered through the young adult
section, I saw a title: Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott.
I could tell
from looking at the shelf that she'd written
55 a lot of books, but I didn't know anything about her. I
had learned
from experience that titles weren't everything.
A book that
sounded great on the shelf could be dull once
you got it
home, and every bad book I brought home meant
one less
book to read until we went back in two weeks. So
60 I sat in a chair near the shelves to skim the fit
paragraphs:
"Christmas won't be Christmas without
any presents," grumbled Jo, lying on the rug.
"It's so dreadful to be poor!" sighed Meg,
looking down at her old dress.
65
"I don't think it's fair for some girls to have
plenty of pretty things, and other girls nothing
at all," added little Amy, with an injured sniff.
"We've got Father and Mother and each
other," said Beth contentedly from her comer.
70 It was a
good thing I'd already decided on some
other books
to take home, because I didn't look through
the rest of
the section that day. I read and read and read
Little Women
until it was time to walk home, and, except
for a few
essential interruptio like sleeping and eating,
75 I would not put it down until the end. Even the freedom
to watch
weekend television held no appeal for me in
the wake of
Alcott's story. It was about girls, for one thing,
girls who
could almost be like me, especially Jo. It seemed
to me a
shame that she wasn't Black; then our similarity
8o would be complete. She loved to read, she loved to make
up plays,
she hated acting ladylike, she had a dreadful
temper. I
had found a kindred spirit.
7. The author viewed the "semimonthly excuio"
(line 10) with
(A) appreheion
(B) detachment
(C) resentment
(D) pride
(E) delight
8. In
lines 16-18 ("You could.., else"),
the author distinguishes between
(A) general and particular impressio
(B) objective and subjective experiences
(C) external and internal appearances
(D) public and private observatio
(E) true and false assumptio
9. The tone of the statement in lines
17-18
("But once.., else") is one of
(A) arrogance
(B) foreboding
(C) conviction
(D) diffidence
(E) sarcasm
10. The author'~ reaction to the "ceiling" (line
20)
conveys her
(A) aspiratio of becoming a novelist
(B) distaste for religious imagery
: (C)
puzzlement about artistic symbolism
_
(D) reverence for the library's educational
~:
offerings
i (E)
discomfort in the presence of high
i
culture
11. For the author, to "look at Africa" on the
globe
i' (line 30)
served as a reminder of
i (A) an
American movement for social change
(B) a peonal experience abroad
(C) the diveity of cultures around the world
(D) the ethnic diveity of her neighborhood
(E) the influence of African politics on America
i. 12. What does the description in lines 34-36 ("I had...
show") suggest about the author's father?
(A) He was uncomfortable discussing politics
with his children.
(B) He did not approve of most television news
coverage.
(C) He had strong feelings about the Civil Rights
~
movement.
(D) He generally had a pessimistic worldview.
(E) He was an outspoken public advocate for equal rights.
13．The
author refe to“Tarzan movies”in line 39
to
demotrate that，as a child，she had
fA)no
concer about the authenticity of most
films
(B)a
preference for watching movies rather
than reading
books
fC)a
fascination with movie acto
(D)limited
knowledge about Africa
(E)little
interest in fictional characte
14．The primary purpose 6f the fourth
paragraph
(1ines
4151)is to
(A)contrast
the books about mythology
and science
that the author had been
’
reading
(B)discuss
why the author enjoyed books
that were
about birds and bees
(C)characterize the author’S reading interests
during a
particular period of time
(D)distinguish between books preferred by
j the author and those preferred by her
brother
(E)provide
several examples of practical
science
experiments that the author
conducted
15．Lines
52．60(“One Saturday…paragraphs”)
suggest that
the author accepted which of the
following
generalizatio about books?
fA)Books
seem duller when read in libraries
‘than when
read at home．
(B)Interesting books are often very dull
in their
fit few paragraphs．
。 (C)Novels
are usually more interesting
than
nonfiction works．
fD)Book
titles can sometimes be misleading．
(E)Books are
rarely as interesting as their titles．
16．The
author uses an extended quote in lines 6169
("Christmas．．．corner”)as part of a larger attempt to
(A)convey
the impact of an unexpected discovery
(B)illustrate the suddenness of a decision
(C)simulate
a child’S misconceptio
(D)criticize
the artificiality of the“young adult”
classification
(E)describe
a young reader’S see of history
17. In line 65, "fair" most nearly mea
(A)
comely
(B)
temperate
(C)
equitable
(D)
auspicious
(E)
mediocre
18. The description in lines 70-75 ("It was.., end")
suggests
that the author found Little Women to be
(A)
bewildering
,
(B) unremarkable
(C) hilarious
(D) profound
(E) captivating
19. The list in lines 80-82 ("She loved.., temper")
serves
primarily to
(A) support
a hypothesis
(B)
challenge an interpretation
(C)
emphasize an incoistency
(D)
substantiate a comparison
(E) develop
a critique
(一) 移民文化 （cross-culture and emigration）
1. cultural assimilation &
conflict
2. peonal identity → view
(traditional identity/current identity/complex identity)
3. peonal experience → emotion
(negative mood/positive mood/ambivalent or conflicting
emotio)
推理题
推理题
ID: infer, suggest, imply,
convey, indicate, demotrate
Solution:
choose a statement which is a logical development of the
information the author has provided in the passage.
正选两大原则
△ 对应原则：find the synonymous words or similar expression in the
optio
△ 逆向思维：revee thinking （相对论or 是与非）
题目示范：
Questio 10-15 are based on
the following passage.
This passage was adapted from
a 1995 book about
astronomy.
Apart from the Moon and occasional comets and
asteroids, Venus is often our
nearest neighbor. Its orbit
brings it closer to Earth than
any other planet--only
26 million miles away at
certain times. Despite that
5 proximity, for a long time it was generally termed "the
planet of mystery." This is
because the atmosphere of
Venus is so dee and so
cloud-laden that its surface
is permanently hidden from
sight.
The fit attempt to learn more about Venus was to
analyze its upper atmosphere
using spectroscopic methods.
In size and mass, Venus is
almost the equal of Earth, and
its gravitational field is
only slightly weaker than ou, so
that logically it might be
expected to have the same kind
of atmosphere--but this is
emphatically not so. Scientists
found that the main
cotituent of its atmosphere is carbon
dioxide. Since this is a heavy
gas that would be expected to
sink, it was reasonable to
assume that carbon dioxide made
up most of the atmosphere down
to ground level. Carbon
dioxide acts in the manner of
a greenhouse, trapping
the Sun's heat, so it followed
that Venus was likely to be
a very torrid sort of
world.
Yet opinio differed. According to one theory, the
clouds contained a great deal
of water. It was even claimed
that the surface might be
largely ocean covered, in which
25 case the atmospheric carbon dioxide would have fouled
the water and produced seas of
soda water. Another intrigu-
ing theory made Venus very
similar to the Earth of over
200 million yea ago. There
would be mahes, luxuriant
vegetation of the fern and
hoetail variety, and primitive
30 life-forms such as giant dragonflies. If so, then Venus
might presumably evolve the
same way Earth has done.
In 1962 the American probe Mariner 2 bypassed
Venus at less than 22,000
miles and gave us our fit
reliable information. The
surface proved to be very hot
indeed; we now know that the
maximum temperature is
almost 500~C. The atmosphere
really is almost pure carbon
dioxide, and those shining
clouds are rich in sulfuric acid.
All ideas Of a pleasant,
oceanic Venus had to be abandoned.
In 1975 Venera 9, a Russian
automatic lander, visited Venus
40 and sent back pictures direct from the surface. The
scene--
a rocky, scorched
landscape--could hardly be more hostile.
Subsequent probes have
confirmed this impression.
Why is Venus so unlike Earth? The awer can only lie
in its
lesser distance from the Sun. It seems that in the early
45 days of the solar system the Sun was less luminous than it
is now, in
which case Venus and Earth mayhave started
to evolve
along the same lines, but when the Sun became
more
powerful the whole situation changed. Earth, at
93 million
miles, was just out of harm's way, but Venus,
50 at 67 million, was not. The water in ocea
vaporized, the
carbonates
were driven out of the rocks, and in a relatively
short time
on the cosmic scale, Venus was traformed from
a
potentially life-bearing world into the inferno of today.
14. The statement in lines 32-34 ("In 1962... informa-
tion")
suggests that the
(A) quality
of the data surprised the scientists
(B) evidence
collected earlier was relatively
untrustworthy
(C) records
had been lost for a long time before
scientists rediscovered them
(D) probe
allowed scientists to formulate a completely
new theory
(E) data
confirmed an,obscure and implausible theory
Questio 17-24 are based on the following passage.
The following is excerpted from an essay written in 1995
to acquaint a general audience with new developments in
research on play among animals.
Coider the puppy. At only three weeks of age, this
tiny ball of fur has already begun gnawing, pawing, and
tugging at its littermates. At four to five weeks, its antics
Line rival those of a rambunctious child, chasing and
wrestling
5 with its siblings at all hou of the day and
night.
Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals.
From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups
of mammals and even some birds play for a significant
fraction of their youth. Brown bear cubs, like puppies and
10 kitte, stalk and wrestle with one another in
imaginary
battles. Deer play tag, chasing and fleeing from one
another. WOlves play solitary games with rocks and sticks.
Chimpanzees tickle one another.
However fascinating these displays of youthful exu-
15 berance may be, play among
animals was ignored by
scientists for most of this century. Biologists assumed
that this seemingly purposeless activity had little effect on
animal development, was not a distinct form of behavior,
and was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study.
20 Even the term "play" caused problems for
researche,
because it suggests that watching animals goof off is not
an activity for serious scientists.
But a steady accumulation of evidence over the past
two decades now suggests that play is a distinct form of
25 behavior with an important
role in the social, physical, and
mental development of many animals. In one study, kitte,
mice, and rats were found to play the most at ages when
permanent changes were occurring in their muscle fiber and
the parts of their brai regulating movement. Kitte were
30 most playful between 4 and 20 weeks of age;
rats, from
12 to 50 days; and mice, from 15 to 29 days. Development
at those ages is comparable to that of a two-year-old human
infant. At these precise times in the development of these
animals, muscle fibe differentiate and the connectio
35 to areas of the brain regulating movement are
made. Such
changes apparently are not unique to kitte, mice, and rats,
but apply to mammals in general.
Thus, research on play has given biologists an important
tool with which to probe the development of the brain and
40 motor systems of animals. The study on rats,
kitte, and
mice may, for itance, provide a physiological explanation
for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds
of behavior that they will later use as adults. By stalking
and capturing imaginary prey over and over again, a kitten
45 builds its muscle and brain connectio in a
way that allows
it to perform those actio later in life.
Play may also provide iight into the social develop-
ment of animals. When the rough-and-tumble of play ends
traumatically with a yelp or a shriek, young animals may
.so be learning the limits of
their strength and how to control
themselves among othe. Those are essential lesso for an
animal living in a close-knit group. Perhaps, some scientists
guess, as
mammals gathered into social groups, play took
on the
function of socializing membe of the group. Not
55 everyone agrees with this theory, though.
Another expla-
nation is
that play may not have evolved to cbnfer any
advantage
but is simply a coequence of higher cognitive
abilities or
an abundance of nutrition and parental care.
Why did play evolve? No one knows for certain, but
6o after ten yea of studying brown bea ,o,f Alaska, biolo-
:
gist R~o,b,
ert Fagen,,has his own opinion. Why do peopl_~,
dance? he
asks. Why do birds sing? For the bea, we re
becoming
increasingly convinced that aesthetic facto ar~
primary."
Sometimes, that is, animals play simply for the
65 fun of it.
24. In lines 61-64, Fagen compares bea playing to people
dancing in order to suggest that both activities
(A) have little practical function
(B) involve peer groups in shared physical activity
(C) promote physical coordination
(D) are often observed in younger animals
(E) are commonly associated with social development
作用题
ID:
The words/sentences/paragraph in line X serves mainly to
_____________________
Solution:
① 词语作用→特征描述
Questio 13-24 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from a 1996 book on sleep
research.
To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to
find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people
might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial
Line task. Couldn't you, for itance, simply
count the number
5 of times a peon yaw
during any given hour or so?
In most people's minds, yawning--that slow,
exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deep inhalation
of air, followed by a briefer exhalation--is the most
obvious sign of sleepiness. It is a common behavior shared
lO by many animals, including our pet dogs and
cats but also
crocodiles, snakes, birds, and even some fish. It is
certainly
true that sleepy people tend to yawn more than wide-awake
people. It is also true that people who say they are bored by
what is happening at the moment will tend to yawn more
15 frequently. However,
whether yawning is a sign that you
are getting ready for sleep or that you are successfully
fighting off sleep is not known. Simply stretching your
body, as you might do if you have been sitting in the same
position for a long period of time, will often trigger a
yawn.
20
Unfortunately, yaw don't just indicate sleepiness.
In some animals, yawning is a sign of stress. When a dog
trainer sees a dog yawning in a dog obedience class, it is
usually a sign that the animal is under a good deal of
pressure. Perhaps the handler is pushing too hard or moving
25 too fast for the dog to feel in control of
the situation.
A moment or two of play and then turning to another
activity is usually enough to banish yawning for quite
a while.
Yawning can also be a sign of stress in huma. Once,
30 when observing airborne troops about to take
their fit
parachute jump, I noticed that several of the soldie were
sitting in the plane and yawning. It was 10 A.M., just after
a
coffee break, and I doubted that they were tired; I knew for
a fact that they were far too nervous to be bored. When I
35 asked about this, the
officer in charge laughed and said it
was really quite a common behavior, especially on the
fit jump.
There is also a social aspect to yawning. Psychologists
have placed acto in crowded rooms and auditoriums and
40 had them deliberately yawn. Within moments,
there is
usually an increase in yawning by everyone else in the
room. Similarly, people who watch films or videos of
othe yawning are more likely to yawn. Even just reading
about yawning tends to stimulate people to yawn.
45 The truth
of the matter is that we really don't know what
purpose yawning serves. Scientists originally thought that
the purpose of yawning was to increase the amount of
oxygen in the blood or to release some accumulated carbon
dioxide. We now know that this is not true, since increasing
50 the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air
seems not to
make people
more likely to yawn but to make them breathe
faster to
try to bring in more oxygen. On the other hand,
breathing
100 percent pure oxygen does not seem to reduce
the
likelihood of yawning.
55 Since
yawning seems to be associated with a lot more
than the
need for sleep, we obviously have to find some
other
measure of sleepiness. Some researche have simply
tried to ask
people how sleepy they feel at any time using
some sort of
self-rating scale. There are, however,
60 problems with getting people to make these types of
judgments.
Sometimes people simply lie to the researche
when asked
about how sleepy they are. This occu because
in many
areas of society admitting that one is fatigued and
sleepy is
coidered a mark of weakness or lack of
65 ambition and drive. In other itances, people
may admit
they need
four cups of coffee to make it through the
morning, but
it may never occur to them that this might be
due to the
fact that they are so sleepy that they need
stimulation
from caffeine to be able to do their required
70 tasks. For these reaso, many researche have developed
an alternate
method to determine how sleepy a peon is.
It is based
upon a simple definition of sleep need: The
greater your
sleep need, or the sleepier you are, the faster
you will
fall asleep if given the opportunity to do so.
16. The author mentio the "coffee break" (line 33)
to emphasize that a
(A) brief respite was sorely needed
~ (B) given
attitude was inappropriate
(C) specific respoe was undetandable
(D) particular action was unnecessary
(E) certain behavior was unexpected
②句子作用
陈述句 →
顺接解释；逆接反对；转移过渡 P476-6；P477-11(见复印页)
一般问句 →引起关注或思考
疑问句
反意问句 →强调观点或态度
文章示例：
Questio 6-7 are based on the following passage.
Properly speaking, a movement is a continuous,
collective effort to bring about fundamental social
reform. It is a collaborative rather than an individ-
Line ualistic enterprise. No matter how many factio
5 are involved, there is always a common
objective~
The Black freedom struggle of the 1960's was such
an effort. Its objective was to traform the manner
in which Black America in the United States were
viewed and treated~ And Black write and artists,
lO as a vital sector of the movement, sought to tra-
form the manner in which Black America were
represented or portrayed in literature and the arts.
6. The fit sentence of the passage ("Properly speaking
~.. reform") primarily serves to
(A) present a controveial opinion
(B) question the effectiveness of a process
(C) provide an example of an abstract idea
(D) define the meaning of a term
(E) offer a solution to a problem
Questio 10-15 are based on the following passage.
This passage was adapted from a 1995 book about
astronomy.
Apart from the Moon and occasional comets and
asteroids, Venus is often our nearest neighbor. Its orbit
brings it closer to Earth than any other planet--only
Line 26 million miles away at certain times. Despite that
s proximity, for a long time it was generally
termed "the
planet of mystery." This is because the atmosphere of
Venus is so dee and so cloud-laden that its surface
is permanently hidden from sight.
The fit attempt to learn more about Venus was to
lO analyze its upper atmosphere using
spectroscopic methods.
In size and mass, Venus is almost the equal of Earth, and
its gravitational field is only slightly weaker than ou, so
that logically it might be expected to have the same kind
of atmosphere--but this is emphatically not so. Scientists
15 found that the main cotituent of its
atmosphere is carbon
dioxide. Since this is a heavy gas that would be expected to
sink, it was reasonable to assume that carbon dioxide made
up most of the atmosphere down to ground level. Carbon
dioxide acts in the manner of a greenhouse, trapping
20 the Sun's heat, so it followed that Venus was
likely to be
a very torrid sort of world.
Yet opinio differed. According to one theory, the
clouds contained a great deal of water. It was even claimed
that the surface might be largely ocean covered, in which
25 case the atmospheric carbon dioxide would have
fouled
the water and produced seas of soda water. Another intrigu-
ing theory made Venus very similar to the Earth of over
200 million yea ago. There would be mahes, luxuriant
vegetation of the fern and hoetail variety, and primitive
30 life-forms such as giant dragonflies. If so,
then Venus
might presumably evolve the same way Earth has done.
In 1962 the American probe Mariner 2 bypassed
Venus at less than 22,000 miles and gave us our fit
reliable information. The surface proved to be very hot
35 indeed; we now know that the maximum
temperature is
almost 500~C. The atmosphere really is almost pure carbon
dioxide, and those shining clouds are rich in sulfuric acid.
All ideas 0f a pleasant, oceanic Venus had to be abandoned.
In 1975 Venera 9, a Russian automatic lander, visited Venus
40 and sent back pictures direct from the
surface. The scene--
a rocky, scorched landscape--could hardly be more hostile.
Subsequent probes have confirmed this impression.
Why is Venus so unlike Earth? The awer can only lie
in its lesser dis~nce from the Sun. It seems that in the
early
45 days of the solar system
the Sun was less luminous than it
is now, in which case Venus and Earth may have started
to evolve along the same lines, but when the Sun became
more powerful the whole situation changed. Earth, at
93 million miles, was just out of harm's way, but Venus,
50 at 67 million, was not. The water in ocea
vaporized, the
carbonates were driven out of the rocks, and in a relatively
short time on the cosmic scale, Venus was traformed from
a potentially life-bearing world into the inferno of today.
11. The statement in lines 11-14 ("In size.., so")
functio primarily to
(A) dismiss a plausible supposition
(B) mock an outrageous claim
(C) bolster an accepted opinion
(D) summarize a particular experiment
(E) undermine a controveial hypothesis
③段落作用→结论解释；转移过渡
易错选项标志 (Types of eliminative optio)
※ 错项标志之一：出现extreme words
的选项
① most
② all, anyone, anything
③ everything, everyone
④ only, exclusively
⑤ few, little, seldom, rarely
⑥ never,
⑦ totally, utterly, completely, entirely,
absolutely
⑧ overly, excessively, extremely,
※ 错项标志之二：随意比较
△ A is superior to B
△ A is as … as
B
△ A is more/better/adj+er than B
※ 错项标志之三：极端态度
迷惑：baffle, bewilder, confuse, puzzle
嫉妒： begrudge, cynicism,
envious
傲慢：arrogant, haughty, iolent
古怪：capricious, whimsical
贪婪：greedy, grasping, ravenous,
冷漠：apathetic,indifferent, nonchalant, uympathetic,
发怒：indignation, outrage, rage, wrath
其他：attack, hostile, resigned, resentment
极端举例：
Questio
16-24 are based on the following passage.
This passage is from a boo.k of nature writing published in
1991.
In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable
categories: they are nocturnal, eat iects, and are rather
small. But winging through their lush, green-black world,
Line tropical bats are more numerous and have more exotic
5 habits than do temperate species. Some of them
feed on
nectar that bat-pollinated trees have evolved to profit from
their visits. Carnivorous bats like nothing better than a
local
frog, lizard, fish, or bird, which they pluck from the
foliage
or a moonlit pond. Of coue, some bats are vampires and
10 dine on blood. In the movies, vampires are rather showy,
theatrical types, but vampire bats rely on stealth and small,
pinprick incisio made by razory, triangular front teeth.
Sleeping livestock are their usual victims, and they take
care not to wake them. Fit, they make the classic incisio
15 shaped like quotation marks; then, with saliva full of
anti-
coagulants so that the victim's blood will flow nicely, they
.quietly lap
their fill. Because this anticoagulant is not toxic
to huma, vampire bats may one day play an important
role in the treatment of heart patients--that is, if we can
2o just get over our phobia about them. Having studied them
intimately, I now know that bats are sweet-tempered, useful,
and fascinating creatures. The long-standing fear that many
people have about bats tells us less about bats than about
human fear.
25 Things
that live by night live outside the realm of
"normal" time. Chauvinistic about our human need to
wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night
dwelle with people up to no good, people who have the
jump on the
rest of us and are defying nature, defying their
30 circadian rhythms.* Also, night is when we dream, and so
- we picture the bats moving
through a dreamtime, in which
reality is warped. After all, we do not see very well at
night; we do not need to. But that makes us nearly defee-
less after dark. Although we are accustomed to tnastering
35 our world by day, in the night we become vulnerable as
prey. Thinking of bats as maste of the night threate the
safety we daily take for granted. Though we are at the top
of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain
forest,
say, and protect ouelves agait roaming predato, we
40 would live partly in terror, as our ancesto did. Our
see
of safety depends on predictability, so anything living
outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul.
Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural
creatures in the mythology, religion, and supetitioo of
45 peoples everywhere. Finnish peasants once believed that
their souls rose from their bodies while they slept and flew
around the countryside as bats, then returfied to them by
morning. Ancient Egyptia prized bat parts as medicine
for a variety of diseases. Perhaps the most mystical, ghoul-
50 ish, and intimate relatiohip between bats and huma
occurred among the Maya about two thousand yea ago.
Zotzilaha Chamalc~in, their bat god, had a human body but
the stylized head and wings of a bat. His image appea
often on their alta, pottery, gold ornaments, and stone
55 pilla. One especially frightening engraving shows the
bat
god with outstretched wings and a question-mark no~e, its
tongue wagging with hunger, as it holds a human corpse in
one hand and the human's heart in the other. A number of
other Central American cultures raised the bat to the ulti-
60 mate height: as god of death and the underworld. But it
was Bram Stoker's riveting novel Dracula that turned
small, furry mammals into huge, bloodsucking mote
in the minds of English-speaking people. If vampires were
sernihuman, then they could fascinate with their conniving
65 cruelty, and thus a spill of horror books began to appear
about the human passio of vampires.
* Circadian rhythr are patter of daily change within one's body
that
are determined by the time of day or night.
18. The discussion of vampire bats in the fit paragraph
(lines 1-24) primarily suggests that
(A) vampire bats are potentially useful creatures
(B) movies about vampires are based only on North
American bats
(C) most tropical bats are not carnivorous
(D) the saliva of vampire bats is more toxic than
commonly supposed
(E) scientists know very little about the behavior of
most bats
Questio 7-19 are based on the following passage.
Since the advent of television, social commentato have
been evaluating its role in a modern society. In the
following excerpt from an essay published in 1992, a
German social commentator offe a pointed evaluation
of the evaluato.
"Television makes you stupid."
Virtually all current theories of the medium come down
to this simple statement. As a rule, this conclusion is
deliv-
Line ered with a melancholy undertone. Four principal
theories
5 can be distinguished.
The manipulation thesis points to an ideological
dimeion. It sees in television above all an itrument
of political domination. The medium is undetood as a
neutral vessel, which pou out opinio over a public
10 thought of as passive. Seduced, uuspecting
viewe are
won over by the wire-pulle, without ever realizing what
is happening to them.
The imitation thesis argues primarily in moral terms.
According to it, television coumption leads above all
15 to moral dange. Anyone who
is exposed to the medium
becomes habituated to libertinism, irrespoibility, crime,
and violence. The private coequences are blunted, cal-
lous, and obstinate individuals; the public coequences
are the loss of social virtues and general moral decline.
20 This form of critique draws,
as is obvious at fit glance, on
traditional, bourgeois sources. The motifs tl~at recur in
this
thesis can be identified as far back as the eighteenth
century
in the vain warnings that early cultural criticism sounded
agait the dange of reading novels.
25
More recent is the simulation thesis. According to it,
the viewer is rendered incapable of distinguishing between
reality and fiction. The primary reality is rendered unrecog-
nizable or replaced by a secondary, phantomlike reality.
All of these converge in the stupefaction thesis.
30 According to it, watching
television not only undermines
the viewe' ability to criticize and differentiate, along
with
the moral and political fiber of their being, but also
impai
their overall ability to perceive. Television produces,
there-
fore, a new type of human being, who can, according to
35 taste, be imagined as a
zombie or a mutant.
All these theories are rather unconvincing. Their autho
coider proof to be superfluous. Even the minimal criterion
of plausibility does not worry them at all. To mention just
one example, no one has yet succeeded in putting before
40 us even a single viewer who
was incapable of telling the
difference between a family quarrel in the current soap
opera and one at his or her family's breakfast table. This
doesn't seem to bother the advocates of the simulation
thesis.
45
Another common feature of the theories is just as curious
but has even more serious coequences. Basically, the
viewe appear as defeeless victims, the programme
as crafty criminals. This polarity is maintained with great
seriousness: manipulato and manipulated, acto and
50 imitato, simulants and simulated, stupefie
and stupefied
face one another in a fine symmetry.
The relatiohip of the theorists themselves to television
raises some important questio. Either the theorists make
no use of television at all (in which case they do not know
55 what they are talking about) or they subject
themselves to
it, and then the question arises--through what miracle is
the theorist able to escape the alleged effects of
television?
Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely
intact morally, can distinguish in a sovereign manner
60 between decepti.on and reality, and enjoys
complete
immunity in the face of the idiocy that he or she sorrow~
fully diagnoses in the rest of us. Or could--fatal loophole
in the dilemma--the theories themselves be symptoms of
a univeal stupefaction?
65
One can hardly say that these theorists have failed to
have any effect. It is true that their influence on what is
actually broadcast is severely limited, which may be con-
sidered distressing or noted with gratitude, depending on
one' s mood. On the other hand, they have found ready
70 listene among politicia. That is not
surprising, for the
conviction that one is dealing with millio of idiots "out
there in the
country" is part of the basic psychological
equipment of the professional politician. One might have
second thoughts about the theorists' influence when one
75 watches how the vetera of televised election
campaig
fight each other for every single minute when it comes to
displaying their limousine, their historic appearance before
the guard of honor, their haityle on the platform, and
above all their speech orga. The number of broadcast
80 minutes, the camera angles, and the level of
applause are
registered with a touching enthusiasm. The politicia have
been particularly taken by the good old manipulation thesis.
19. In the last paragraph, the author's attitude toward
politicia
is primarily one of
(A) humorous
contempt
(B) outraged
embarrassment
(C) worded puzzlement
(D) relieved resignation
(E) begrudging sympathy
5. Strategy for LPP
Quantity: 1
Format: P1&P2+12～13Qs
Word count: 700-1000/P1+P2
Required time: 15 mi or so
① Scan the blurb;
② Read crucial parts of P1 and awer Qs abt P1;
③ Read crucial parts of P2 and awer Qs abt P2;
④ awer Qs abt P1&P2 based on the relatiohip btw
two passages.
Qs about P1& P2
ID:
① Both/two passages;
②
P1…P2…;
③ Line 10-13….Line59-62…
Location: Generally speaking, at the beginning
or the end of all questio.
Quantity: 5 or so
词汇题
ID:
X word / phrase in Line Y most nearly mea _________________
Solution:
① build up your vocabulary
(self-torture or self-entertainment)
parallelism
② in
context
contrast
explanation
③ substitute
collocation
attitude
同义关系
文章示范：
The passage below is followed by questio based on its content.
Awer the questio on the basis of what is stated or ~
in the passage and in any introductory ma~rial
that may be provided.
Questio
7-19 are based on the following passage.
The
following passage, set in the early 1970's, is from a
1992 novel.
The principal characte, Virginia and Clayton,
are two
cellists in a college orchestra.
She'd met lots of crazy musicia, but no one like
Clayton. He
was as obsessed as the othe, but he had a
quirky see
of humor, a slow ironic counterpoint to his
Line own beliefs. And he didn't look quite like anyone else.
5 He wore his hair parted dangerously near the
middle and
combed it in
little ripples like Cab Calloway,1 though
sometimes he let it fly up a bit at the ends in deference to
the campus
pressure for Afros. His caramel-colored skin
darkened to toffee under fluorescent light but sometimes
1o took on a golden sheen, especially in the
vertical shafts of
sunlight that poured into his favorite practice room where
she'd often peek in on him--an uncanny complexion, as if
the shades swirled just under the surface.
Virginia' s friends gave her advice on how to get him.
15 "You two can play hot duets together," they
giggled.
As it turned out, she didn't have to plan a thing. She was
reading one afternoon outside the Fine Arts Building when
the day suddenly turned cold. If she went back to the dorm
for a sweater, she'd be late for orchestra reheaal. So she
20 stuck it out until a few minutes before
reheaal at four.
By that time, her finge were so stiff she had to run them
under hot water to loosen them up. Then she hurried to the
cello room, where all the itruments were lined up like
novitiates;2 she felt a strange reverence every time she
25 stepped across the threshold into its cool
serenity. There
they stood, obedient yet voluptuous in their molded cases.
In the dim light their plump forms looked sadly human, as
if they were waiting for something better to come along but
knew it wouldn't.
30 Virginia
grabbed her cello and was halfway down the
hall when she realized she'd forgotten to leave her books
behind. She decided agait turning back and continued to
the basement,~ where the five-till-four pandemonium was
breaking loose. Clayton was stuffing his books into his
35 locker.
"Hey, Clayton, bow's it going?"
As if it were routine, he took her books and wedged
them in next to his. They started toward the orchestra hall.
Virginia cast a surreptitious glance upward; five minutes
40 to four or not, Clayton was not rushing. His
long, gangling
frame seemed to be held together by molasses; he moved
deliberately, negotiating the crush while humming a tricky
passage from Schumann,3 sailing above the mob.
After reheaal she reminded him that her books were in
45 his locker.
"I think I'll go practice," he said. "Would you like to
listen?"
'Tll miss dinner," she replied, and was about to cue
heelf for her honesty when he said;"I have cheese and
50 soup back at the fraternity house, if you don't mind the
walk."
The walk was twenty minutes of agonizing bliss, with
the wind off the lake whipping her blue, and Clayton too
involved with analyzing the orchestra's horn section to
55 notice. When they reached the house, a brick building with
a cru~mbling porch and weeds cracking the front path, she
was nearly frozen through. He heated up a can of soup, and
plunked the cheese down in the center of the dinette table.
"It's not much,,' he apologized, but she was thinking
60 A loaf of bread, a jug of wine,4 and felt sated before
lifting
the fit spoonful. The house was rented to Alpha Phi Alpha,
one of three Black fraternities on campus. It had a musty
tennis-shoes-and-ripe-laundry smell. Books and jackets were
strewn everywhere, dishes piled in the sink.
65 "When did
you begin playing?" she asked.
"I began late, I'm afraid," Clayton replied. "Ninth grade.
But I felt at home immediately. With the music, I mean. The
itrument took a little longer. Everyone said I was too tall
to be a cellist." He grimaced.
70 Virginia
watched him as he talked. He was the same
golden brown as the itrument, and his mustache followed
the lines of the cello's scroll.
"So what did you do?" she asked.
"Whenever my height came up, I would say, 'Remember
75 the bumblebee.' "
"What do bumblebees have to do with cellos?"
"The bumblebee, aerodynamically speaking, is too large
for flight. But the bee has never heard of aerodynamics, so
it flies in spite of the laws of gravity. I merely wrapped my
80 legs and arms around the cello and kept playing."
Music was the only landscape in which he seemed at ease.
In that raunchy kitchen, elbows propped on either side of
the cooling soup, he was fidgety, even a little awkward. But
when he sat up behind his itrument, he had the irresistible
85 beauty of someone who had found his place.
1 American jazz musician and bandleader (1907-1994)
2 Peo who have entered a religious order but have not yet taken
final
VOWS
3 German composer (1810-1856)
4 A reference to Edward Fitzgerald's "A jug of wine, a loaf of
bread, and
thou," a line from The Rubaiyat ofOmar Khayyam
12. In line 42, "crush" most nearly mea
(A)
pressure
(B)
crowd
(C)
power
(D)
infatuation
(E) critical
condition
crush: the quantity of material crushed; overabundance;
crowd
negotiate: get over or past sth successfully
反义关系
13. In context, “Shadowy” （line 41）primarily serves to suggest
something
(A) gloomy
(B) secret
(C) sinister
(D) concealed
(E) uubstantiated
阅读原文Shadowy所在的41-42行“Shadowy imaginings do not usually hold up in
the light of real experience.”可知，Shadowy imaginings与real
experience语意相反，因此Shadowy的意思与unreal（不真实的，虚的）有关，所以正确答案为E项。
解释关系
16. In line21, “fantastic” most nearly mea
(A) grotesque
(B) agitating
(C) eccentric
(D) superb
(E) fanciful
阅读原文fantastic所在的19-21行“I had never been around children my own age,
and they seemed to me to be almost fantastic, like the little elves
and fairies that my father made up stories
about.”可知，fantastic这个词用来解释作者眼中与自己同龄的小伙伴的特征，而 “like the little elves
and fairies that my father made up stories
about（就像是我爸爸编的故事中的小侏儒和小仙女）”
则是对fantastic这个词的进一步解释说明。按照常理推断，作者的父亲给女儿编故事时提到的侏儒和仙女通常都是幻想或想象的产物，所以5个选项中与fantastic最为接近的当然是E项fanciful。
语义搭配
文章示范：
Questio 17-24 are based on the following passage.
The following is excerpted from an essay written in
1995
~
to acquaint a general audience with new developments in
research on play among animals.
Coider the puppy. At only three weeks of age, this
tiny ball of fur has already begun gnawing, pawing, and
tugging at its littermates. At four to five weeks, its antics
Line rival those of a rambunctious child, chasing and
wrestling
5 with its siblings at all hou of the day and
night.
Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals.
From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups
of mammals and even some birds play for a significant
fraction of their youth. Brown bear cubs, like puppies and
10 kitte, stalk and wrestle with one another in
imaginary
battles. Deer play tag, chasing and fleeing from one
another. Wrlves play solitary games with rocks and sticks.
Chimpanzees tickle one another.
However fascinating these displays of youthful exu-
15 berance may be, play among animals was ignored
by
scientists for most of this century. Biologists assumed
that this seemingly purposeless activity had little effect on
animal development, was not a distinct form of behavior,
and was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study.
20 Even the term "play" caused problems for
researche,
because it suggests that watching animals goof off is not
an activity for serious scientists.
But a steady accumulation of evidence over the past
two decades now suggests that play is a distinct form of
25 behavior with an important role in the
social, physical, and
mental development of many animals. In one study, kitte,
mice, and rats were found to play the most at ages when
permanent changes were occurring in their muscle fiber and
the parts of their brai regulating movement. Kitte were
30 most playful between 4 and 20 weeks of ag~;
rats, from
12 to 50 days; and mice, from 15 to 29 days. Development
at those ages is comparable to that of a two-year-old human
infant. At these precise times in the development of these
animals, muscle fibe differentiate and the connectio
35 to areas of the brain regulating movement are
made. Such
changes apparently are not unique to kitte, mice, and rats,
but apply to mammals in general.
Thus, research on play has given biologists an important
tool with which to probe the development of the brain and
40 motor systems of animals. The study on rats,
kitte, and
mice may, for itance, provide a physiological explanation
for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds
of behavior that they will later use as adults. By stalking
and capturing imaginary prey over and over again, a kitten
45 builds its muscle and brain connectio in a
way that allows
it to perform those actio later in life.
Play may also provide iight into the social develop-
ment of animals. When the rough-and-tumble of play ends
traumatically with a yelp or a shriek, young animals may
50 be learning the limits of
their strength and how to control
themselves among othe. Those are essential lesso for an
animal living in a close-knit group. Perhaps, some scientists
guess, as mammals gathered into social groups, play took
on the function of socializing membe of the group. Not
"55 everyone agrees with this theory, though. Another expla-
nation is that play may not have evolved to cbnfer any
advantage but is simply a coequence of higher cognitive
abilities or an abundance of nutrition and parental care.
Why did play evolve? No one knows for certain, but
60 after ten yea of studying brown bea of
Alaska, biolo-
gist Robert Fagen has his own opinion. "Why do people
dance?" he asks. "Why do birds sing? For the bea, we're
becoming increasingly convinced that aesthetic facto are
primary." Sometimes, that is, animals play simply for the
65 fun of it.
17. In line 4, "rival" is closest in meaning to
(A) mock
(B) dispute
(C) nearly equal
(D) play with
(E) contend agait
态度评价
文章示范：
The passage below is followed by questio based
on its content. Awer the questio on the basis of what is state
or implied in the passage and in any introductory material that may
be provided.
Questio 7-19 are based on the following passage.
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895), who escaped from slavery, became an
author and publisher and was
internationally known for his itrumental role in the abolitionist
movement.
In spite of the ridicule that various newspape aimed at the
women's movement, Frederick Douglass continued to lend it his
active support. Indeed, few women's rights conventio were held
during the 1850's at which Douglass was not a featured speaker and
whose proceedings were not fully reported in his paper. Invariably,
the notice would be accompanied by an editorial comment hailing the
meeting and expressing the editor' s hope that it "will have a
powerful effect on the public's mind." In 1853, when Douglass was
coidering changing the name of his newspaper, he rejected the
proposed title, The Brotherhood, because it” implied the exclusion
of the sisterhood." He called it Frederick Douglass' Paper, and
underneath the title were the words "All Rights For All!"
Because women were not permitted to speak at mass meetings of state
temperance associatio,1 women in New York formed the Woman's
State Temperance Society, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as president.
Douglass supported the society but took issue with the move led by
secretary Amelia Bloomer to limit to women the right to hold its
offices. He aligned himself with Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in
opposing this as a violation of "the principle of human
equality"--a violation, in short, of men's rights.
Douglass felt that by excluding men from office the society would
lose supporte in the battle agait those in the temperance
movement who wished to deny women equal fights. How, he asked,
could women effectively contend for equality in the movement when
they denied it to men? In June 1853, the society accepted the logic
of this position and admitted men to office. Douglass learned much
from women with whom he associated at the national and state
women's rights conventio. At one time, he had entertained serious
doubts about wives being given the right to share equally with
their husbands the disposition of property, since "the husband
labo hard" while the wife might not be earning money. But his
discussio with pionee of the women's rights movement convinced
him that even though wives were not paid for their domestic labo,
their work was as important to the family as that of their
husbands. Once convinced, he acted. He wrote the call for the 1853
convention in Rochester, New York, which demanded not only that
women be paid equally with men for their work, but also that women,
including married women, have equal rights with men in the
ownehip and disposition of property. In his newspaper that year,
Douglass urged state legislation calling for passage of a law
requiring equality in "the holding, and division of real and
peonal property."
On one issue, however, Douglass refused to budge. He was critical
of women's fights leade who addressed audiences from which Black
people were barred. His particular target was Lucy Stone. Douglass
often praised this abolitionist and veteran fighter for equal
rights for women, but he criticized her for not having canceled a
lecture in 1853 at Philadelphia's Music Hall when she discovered
that Black people would be excluded. Later, he was more severe when
he learned that she had invited Senator Stephen A. Douglas of
Illinois, one of the architects of the infamous Fugitive Slave Act
of 1850,2 to join
the women who were to meet in Chicago in 1859 to publicize the
women's rights cause. Frederick Douglass bluntly caused Stone of
willingness to advance women's fights on he back of "the
defeeless slave woman" who "has also to bear the ten thousand
wrongs of slavery in addition tohe common wrongs of woman."
Douglass' disputes with some of the women' s rights leade went
beyond the question of their appearance before segregated
audiences. Women like Stanton and Anthony were close to
abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. When Douglass split with
Garrison over the latter's reliance on words and "moral suasion" as
the major route to abolition, as well as over Garrison's opposition
to antislavery political action, some women's fights leade grew
cool toward Douglass.
Although Susan B. Anthony had sided with Garrison, she solicited
Douglass' support in her campaign agait capital punishment. She
circulated a petition for a meeting in 1858 to protest an impending
execution and to support a law making life imprisonment the
punishment for capital crimes. Long an opponent of capital
punishment, Douglass signed the petition, prepared a set of
resolutio on the
issue, and agreed to take over for the scheduled chair, who had
been intimidated by mob violence. Douglass' conduct won over even
those women who had allied themselves
with Anthony and Garrison.
Thus, on the eve of the Civil War, Douglass' relatiohip with the
women's movement was once again
cordial. Although this situation was to change after the war,
Douglass' influence had helped the women's fights movement become
more seitive to the issue of prejudice agait Black
America.
1 Temperance
associatio were groups that advocated laws to control the use of
alcoholic beverages.
2 The
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 authorized slaveholde to reclaim
runaway slaves
8. In context, the word "hailing" (line 7) most nearly mea
(A) pouring
down on
(B) audibly
greeting
(C)
summoning
(D)
originating
(E)
praising
hail: acclaim or praise enthusiastically
阅读冲刺复习策略（1个月）
快速复习核心单词
讲义→真题→OG→巴郎3500→其他
SAT is a prison, and only vocabulary can open its doo.
做全套模拟（至少12套）并分析
真12→OG8→OC6→普11→卡12→巴6
Practice may not make perfect, but it definitely makes
progress!
考前一两天快速浏览笔记上的知识点！